實踐中心(xin)并非一(yi)個全新(xin)的概(gai)念，也非新(xin)生事物，但“開放(fang)型區域產教(jiao)融合實踐中心(xin)”的提出將(jiang)多(duo)種概(gai)念有機融合，創造了(le)一(yi)個更為綜合、特征(zheng)多(duo)元的新(xin)實體。因此(ci)，有必(bi)要對(dui)開放(fang)型區域產教(jiao)融合實踐中心(xin)的概(gai)念和特征(zheng)進(jin)行澄清和明晰，以準確把(ba)握其(qi)內涵實質。
一、基本概念
通過對相關(guan)文件描述的開放型(xing)區域產(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)融合(he)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)內涵進行歸納，得(de)出開放型(xing)區域產(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)融合(he)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)（以下簡稱實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)）是(shi)一(yi)個集產(chan)業(ye)(ye)、教(jiao)(jiao)育、研究等多(duo)方資源和力(li)量于(yu)一(yi)體的綜合(he)性(xing)機構或平臺，其任務(wu)涵蓋學生實(shi)習實(shi)訓、社會(hui)培訓以及技術(shu)服務(wu)三(san)(san)大方面。實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)是(shi)教(jiao)(jiao)育、人才、科(ke)技一(yi)體化(hua)發(fa)展的紐帶(dai)，是(shi)產(chan)業(ye)(ye)、教(jiao)(jiao)育、政府部門和社會(hui)組織(zhi)之間的橋(qiao)梁，是(shi)促進“三(san)(san)服務(wu)”“三(san)(san)協同”“三(san)(san)融合(he)”的有效載體。根據建設主(zhu)體不同可分(fen)為學校實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)、公(gong)共實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)和企業(ye)(ye)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)(xin)。
二、主要特征
1.開放性——形態特征
開放性(xing)是(shi)指實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)在(zai)(zai)(zai)組織架構、管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)、參(can)(can)與(yu)對象(xiang)、資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)具有(you)開放和(he)(he)(he)(he)包(bao)容的(de)(de)(de)特點。在(zai)(zai)(zai)組織架構方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)主(zhu)要采取(qu)聯合(he)組織形式(shi)(shi)，允許各(ge)方(fang)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)參(can)(can)與(yu)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)決策制定、管(guan)(guan)理(li)運行(xing)，形成共(gong)(gong)(gong)建共(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)(guan)的(de)(de)(de)組織架構，促進(jin)各(ge)方(fang)在(zai)(zai)(zai)共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)利益基礎上的(de)(de)(de)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)注重平(ping)等(deng)(deng)(deng)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)和(he)(he)(he)(he)溝通(tong)(tong)，通(tong)(tong)過(guo)協(xie)(xie)議、合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)協(xie)(xie)商或共(gong)(gong)(gong)同(tong)發展(zhan)項目(mu)等(deng)(deng)(deng)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)建立(li)合(he)作(zuo)(zuo)伙伴關系(xi)，培養相(xiang)互(hu)信任(ren)、協(xie)(xie)作(zuo)(zuo)共(gong)(gong)(gong)贏的(de)(de)(de)精神，建立(li)高效(xiao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)精準(zhun)的(de)(de)(de)運營管(guan)(guan)理(li)體系(xi)，其管(guan)(guan)理(li)模(mo)(mo)式(shi)(shi)包(bao)括理(li)事會(hui)、用(yong)戶(hu)委員會(hui)等(deng)(deng)(deng)[4]。在(zai)(zai)(zai)參(can)(can)與(yu)對象(xiang)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)鼓(gu)勵多(duo)元(yuan)主(zhu)體參(can)(can)與(yu)其中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，包(bao)括企業、學校(xiao)、行(xing)業協(xie)(xie)會(hui)、政府(fu)機構以(yi)及(ji)研究機構等(deng)(deng)(deng)。這(zhe)些參(can)(can)與(yu)者之間沒有(you)特別的(de)(de)(de)限定，各(ge)方(fang)可(ke)以(yi)根(gen)據自(zi)身的(de)(de)(de)特點和(he)(he)(he)(he)需求(qiu)參(can)(can)與(yu)實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)建設(she)。這(zhe)種多(duo)元(yuan)主(zhu)體參(can)(can)與(yu)的(de)(de)(de)方(fang)式(shi)(shi)，有(you)助于及(ji)時反(fan)映各(ge)方(fang)需求(qiu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)變化，保障實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)的(de)(de)(de)創新能(neng)力(li)和(he)(he)(he)(he)適應性(xing)。在(zai)(zai)(zai)資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)配(pei)置(zhi)方(fang)面(mian)(mian)，實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)給不(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)(de)參(can)(can)與(yu)者提(ti)供了資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)享平(ping)臺(tai)，包(bao)括共(gong)(gong)(gong)享設(she)施(shi)、實(shi)驗室設(she)備、教學資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)、科研資(zi)(zi)金和(he)(he)(he)(he)項目(mu)以(yi)及(ji)人力(li)、技術和(he)(he)(he)(he)知識等(deng)(deng)(deng)。實(shi)踐(jian)(jian)(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)(xin)(xin)通(tong)(tong)過(guo)打破資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)壁壘，促進(jin)各(ge)方(fang)更好(hao)地共(gong)(gong)(gong)享優(you)質資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)，優(you)化使用(yong)效(xiao)率，形成資(zi)(zi)源(yuan)(yuan)(yuan)共(gong)(gong)(gong)建共(gong)(gong)(gong)享的(de)(de)(de)良好(hao)局面(mian)(mian)。
2.區(qu)域性——地域特征
區(qu)域(yu)性(xing)是(shi)指實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心依托(tuo)特定的(de)地(di)理位置或區(qu)域(yu)范圍（區(qu)域(yu)性(xing)的(de)界(jie)(jie)定可(ke)(ke)(ke)以根據實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心所(suo)在的(de)具體(ti)地(di)理位置、經濟發(fa)展水(shui)平、產業特點等因素進行劃定），聚焦服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)該區(qu)域(yu)的(de)產業發(fa)展和(he)人才需求。明(ming)(ming)確(que)服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)范圍和(he)邊界(jie)(jie)有助于(yu)更全面深入地(di)了解和(he)掌握該區(qu)域(yu)的(de)產業發(fa)展和(he)人才需求，將實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)范圍限(xian)定在一個特定區(qu)域(yu)，如一個城市、地(di)區(qu)或產業園區(qu)，提高服(fu)(fu)(fu)(fu)務(wu)的(de)針對(dui)性(xing)。區(qu)域(yu)性(xing)規定了資源(yuan)統(tong)籌的(de)范圍和(he)邊界(jie)(jie)，明(ming)(ming)確(que)了哪(na)些(xie)資源(yuan)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以整合和(he)利用，避免了資源(yuan)浪(lang)費及惡性(xing)競爭，為(wei)跨區(qu)域(yu)合作留出空(kong)間，保證整體(ti)效益和(he)可(ke)(ke)(ke)持續發(fa)展能力(li)。
3.產(chan)教融(rong)合——價值特征
產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)是指實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)強調將產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)緊密結合(he)起來，促(cu)進產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)需求與(yu)人(ren)才培養(yang)的(de)有機(ji)銜接，彰顯了實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)建設基(ji)于產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)、服務于產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)的(de)價值依歸。一方面(mian)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)的(de)建設必須從產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)的(de)角度(du)出發，通過產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)合(he)作(zuo)、技(ji)術轉移(yi)、人(ren)才培養(yang)等手段加強產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)之間的(de)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)，讓(rang)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)更加貼近產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)，滿(man)足產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)創(chuang)新(xin)和(he)發展(zhan)的(de)需求。另一方面(mian)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)作(zuo)為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)的(de)平(ping)臺和(he)載體，其建設目標是為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)界和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)育(yu)界提供(gong)(gong)服務，通過產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)學(xue)(xue)研(yan)各類項目，為(wei)產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)界提供(gong)(gong)技(ji)術創(chuang)新(xin)、研(yan)發支持等服務，在(zai)協助解決產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)業(ye)(ye)問題和(he)需求的(de)同時，也為(wei)各類學(xue)(xue)校提供(gong)(gong)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)實(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)場所和(he)機(ji)會，提供(gong)(gong)師資培訓和(he)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)學(xue)(xue)資源，促(cu)進產(chan)(chan)(chan)(chan)教(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)融(rong)(rong)(rong)合(he)更深入、更高(gao)效(xiao)、可持續地發展(zhan)。
4.實踐性——本質特征(zheng)
實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)性(xing)是指實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)在(zai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)方(fang)式、培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)過(guo)(guo)程和(he)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)目標(biao)上均(jun)強調(diao)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)的重(zhong)要(yao)性(xing)，注重(zhong)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)人才(cai)的實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)應(ying)(ying)用能(neng)力(li)。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)與(yu)其他培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓機構的最大(da)不同在(zai)于實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)性(xing)。首(shou)先，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)方(fang)式是實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)性(xing)的。實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)中(zhong)(zhong)心(xin)注重(zhong)將實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)納入人才(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)的核心(xin)環節，采取(qu)情景(jing)式、項目式等(deng)教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)方(fang)法(fa)，實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)施現代學(xue)(xue)徒制人才(cai)培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)模式，開展相(xiang)關實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)項目、實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)習(xi)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)訓和(he)技術培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)訓。其次(ci)，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)過(guo)(guo)程貫穿實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)應(ying)(ying)用，教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)過(guo)(guo)程與(yu)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)生產與(yu)應(ying)(ying)用緊密(mi)結合，教(jiao)學(xue)(xue)內容根據實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)場(chang)景(jing)及需求(qiu)來設計，學(xue)(xue)習(xi)指導由“雙師型”教(jiao)師和(he)企業技術能(neng)手(shou)(shou)擔(dan)任，如此(ci)不僅能(neng)傳授理論知識，還能(neng)教(jiao)授實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)踐(jian)(jian)技能(neng)和(he)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)技巧。最后，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)目標(biao)是培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)適應(ying)(ying)產業需求(qiu)、能(neng)夠快速上手(shou)(shou)工作(zuo)、具備創新(xin)(xin)能(neng)力(li)的人才(cai)，注重(zhong)夯實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)專業基礎知識，培(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)(pei)養(yang)實(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)際(ji)操(cao)(cao)作(zuo)、解決問題和(he)合作(zuo)創新(xin)(xin)的能(neng)力(li)。
綜上所述，開放型區域(yu)產(chan)教(jiao)融(rong)合實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)的內涵豐富，其使命包括促進產(chan)教(jiao)融(rong)合、培養高素(su)質技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人才(cai)、加(jia)強(qiang)產(chan)學研合作(zuo)、推動地(di)方(fang)經濟發(fa)(fa)展等。建設(she)開放型區域(yu)產(chan)教(jiao)融(rong)合實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)心(xin)在賦能技(ji)(ji)(ji)術人才(cai)培養、科(ke)技(ji)(ji)(ji)創新和產(chan)業(ye)發(fa)(fa)展方(fang)面發(fa)(fa)揮著(zhu)關鍵(jian)作(zuo)用。（節選(xuan)自《教(jiao)育與職業(ye)》2024年第1期）
來源：高職觀察(cha)。
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